Signaling pathways unraveled by infection models in zebrafish. (A). Infection routes used in zebrafish models include micro-injection in various organs/tissues, oral gavage, and immersion of the pathogens in the fish water, both for larvae and adult zebrafish. (B). A model of infection by Trypanosoma carassii through intravenous injection in 5 dpf larvae revealed two distinct macrophage pro-inflammatory phenotypes depending on the level of infection, high-infected larvae producing foamy macrophages with strong pro-inflammatory response and incapacity to control the parasitemia [199]. (C). A model of infection by Mycobacterium marinum through intraperitoneal injection in juvenile or adult zebrafish showed that both M1- and M2-type macrophage responses are needed for mycobacterial pathogenesis and formation of granulomas [338]. (D). A model of infection by Chikungunya virus through intravenous or yolk injection in larvae uncovered the interferon-dependent antiviral immune response elicited by neutrophils [77]. (E). An adult model of infection by Vibrio cholerae through immersion evidenced the NFκB-dependent recruitment of leukocytes in the intestine through activation of an IL8/S100/TLR4 pathway [339].
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