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Loss of hnrnpul1l and hnrnpul1 leads to caudal scoliosis in adult Zebrafish. a, b) Muscle (MyHC, blue) and tendon (Tbsp4b, magenta) staining of 72 hpf wild type (a, a’’) and hnrnpul1/1l mutant (b, b’’) embryos, arrowheads highlight less organized muscle fibers in hnrnpul1/1l mutants. c, c’) Alcian blue cartilage and alarizin red bone staining of 16 dpf wild type and hnrnpul1/1l. d, d’) Alizarin red bone staining of 16-week-old adult wild type (d) and hnrnpul1/1l mutant (d’) fish. e, e’’’) Alizarin red bone staining of 16-week-old adult wild type and hnrnpul1/1l mutants graded by scoliosis in the caudal (tail) region (arrowheads) as none (e), mild (e’), moderate (e’’), and severe (e’’’). Schematics show spine curvature from the images above. f) Quantification of the proportion of fish with none, mild, moderate, or severe scoliosis. Wild type n = 39, hnrnpul1/1l mutant n = 45, from 3 trials. **P ≤ 0.01, ****P ≤ 0.0001 determined by Fisher’s exact test. Scale bar = 1000 µm (e, e’’’).
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