The effect of pancuronium on locomotor activity of zebrafish larvae. (A) Concentration dependent effects of pancuronium on locomotor activity of zebrafish larvae at 24 and 72 hpf. (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, Student’s t-test with bonferroni correction). (B) Superimposed images of spontaneous coiling at 24 hpf (left, control; right, 0.5 mM pancuronium). An inset represents the head-tail angle (θ). Max turn angle and max turn speed of spontaneous coiling at 24 hpf are displayed. (Student’s t-test). (C) Superimposed images of touch response at 72 hpf (left, control; right, 0.5 mM pancuronium). An inset represents the head-turn angle (θ). Traveled distance, max turn angle and max turn speed of touch response at 72 hpf are displayed. (**p < 0.01, paired t-test).

The effect of pancuronium on end-plate currents in fast and slow muscle fibers. (A) Fluorescent image of 4 dpf Tg (hb9:tTAad, TRE:ChRFR-TagRFP) zebrafish. Motor neurons specifically expressed channelrhodopsin fused with TagRFP. (B) Representative current traces from fast (top) and slow (bottom) muscle fibers in response to the light stimulation in the presence of pancuronium, whose concentration in the solution is indicated above the traces. Note some of the traces have notches, which result from the non-overlapping time course of inputs from multiple motor neurons innervating the muscle cell. (*p < 0.05, Student’s t-test with bonferroni correction) (C) The effect of pancuronium on EPC charges. Light-evoked EPCs were recorded in the varying concentration of pancuronium.

Concentration-dependent effects of pancuronium for inhibition of acetylcholine-induced current in oocytes expressing zebrafish fast (αβδε) or slow muscle-type (αβδ) nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.