FIGURE SUMMARY
Title

The direct and gut microbiota-mediated effects of dietary bile acids on the improvement of gut barriers in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

Authors
Xia, R., Zhang, Q., Xia, D., Hao, Q., Ding, Q., Ran, C., Yang, Y., Cao, A., Zhang, Z., Zhou, Z.
Source
Full text @ Anim Nutr
Fig. 1

Histology of liver in largemouth bass fed on one of the experimental diets for 5 weeks (scale bar = 50 μm). Black arrows indicate the presence of liver cell swelling and vacuolar degeneration.

Fig. 2

The expression of genes related to gut secretions in the intestine of largemouth bass fed with one of the experimental diets for 5 weeks. Results are presented as the means (±SEM) (n = 6). Bars with different letters are significantly different (Duncan's test; P < 0.05).

Fig. 3

Effects of bile acids on the intestine of largemouth bass fed with one of the experimental diets for 5 weeks. (A) Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining for histology examination (scale bar = 100 μm). (B) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs (Black arrow: imperfect microvilli texture or the microvilli of the intestine were peeled) (scale bar = 1 μm). (C) Microvilli height of largemouth bass. Results are presented as the means (±SEM) (n = 6). Bars with different letters are significantly different (Duncan's test; P < 0.05).

Fig. 4

Effects of the gene levels of tight junction genes in the intestine of largemouth bass fed with one of the experimental diets for 5 weeks. Results are given as the means (±SEM) (n = 6). Bars with different letters are significantly different (Duncan's test; P < 0.05).

Fig. 5

Gut expression levels of inflammation-related genes in largemouth bass fed with one of the experimental diets for 5 weeks. Results are given as the means (±SEM) (n = 6). Bars with different letters are significantly different (Duncan's test; P < 0.05).

Fig. 6

Effects of supplementation of BAs on gut microbiota of largemouth bass, at (A) phylum level, (B) genus level, (C) relative ratio of (Firmicutes + Fusobacteria + Bacteroidetes) to Proteobacteria and (D) principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) analysis, fed with 4 different diets for 5 weeks (n = 4 in BA150 and BA300 groups, n = 5 in Control and BA450 groups). Bars with different letters are significantly different (Duncan's test; P < 0.05).

Fig. 7

Effect of direct feeding of bile acids on the gut barriers: (A) chemical barrier, (B) physical barrier, (C) immunological barrier, in germ-free zebrafish. Results are given as the means (±SEM) (n = 6). Values marked with asterisks are significantly different (∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01 and ∗∗∗P < 0.001).

Fig. 8

The expression of genes related to gut barriers: (A) chemical barrier, (B) physical barrier, (C) immunological barrier, in germ-free zebrafish colonized with gut microbiota from the control or from the BA300 group. Results are given as the means (±SEM) (n = 6). Values marked with asterisks are significantly different (∗P < 0.05, and ∗∗∗P < 0.001).

Acknowledgments
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