FIGURE SUMMARY
Title

Evaluation of the Antiseizure Activity of Endemic Plant Halfordia kendack Guillaumin and Its Main Constituent, Halfordin, on a Zebrafish Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-Induced Seizure Model

Authors
Skiba, A., Kozioł, E., Luca, S.V., Budzyńska, B., Podlasz, P., Van Der Ent, W., Shojaeinia, E., Esguerra, C.V., Nour, M., Marcourt, L., Wolfender, J.L., Skalicka-Woźniak, K.
Source
Full text @ Int. J. Mol. Sci.
Figure 1

HPLC-DAD chromatogram of the H. kendack methanol leaf extract with the main compound halfordin marked (detection 254 nm; Phenomenex Gemini NX-C18 110A (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm, Warsaw, Poland); 1 mL/min, gradient of water and methanol. Peak rf = 14.6: halfordin, peak rf = 20.1: unidentified alkaloid.
Figure 2

Anticonvulsant activity of Halfordia kendack methanol leaf extract and positive control (5 mM sodium valproate, VPN) after 18 h incubation prior to 20 mM pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) treatment (n = 30). Data represent means ± SEM; #### p < 0.0001 vs. vehicle-PTZ control group **** p < 0.0001 vs. PTZ-treated group (post-hoc Bonferroni test).
Figure 3

Anticonvulsant activity of halfordin (HAL) and positive control (5 mM sodium valproate, VPN) after 18 h incubation prior to 20 mM pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) treatment (n = 30). Data represent means ± SEM and #### p < 0.0001 vs. vehicle-PTZ control group **** p < 0.0001, ** p < 0.01 * p < 0.05 vs. PTZ-treated group (post-hoc Bonferroni test).
Figure 4

7-dpf zebrafish larvae pretreated for 18 h with 20 μM halfordin (HAL) and then 20 mM pentylenetetrazole PTZ displayed a decreased number of seizures over a 20 min period compared to those treated only with PTZ. The number of seizures observed in vehicle control is likely due to the needle insertion into the optic tectum. The one way-ANOVA with SEM and post-hoc Tukey test (*** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01) was used to calculate the significance. ns: not significant.
Figure 5

Changes of gene expression for control and halfordin-treated group before and after PTZ treatment. The one-way ANOVA with SEM and post-hoc Tukey test (** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001, ns: not significant) was used to calculate significance; n = 3.
Acknowledgments
This image is the copyrighted work of the attributed author or publisher, and ZFIN has permission only to display this image to its users. Additional permissions should be obtained from the applicable author or publisher of the image. Full text @ Int. J. Mol. Sci.
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