Figure 1. HPLC chromatogram of (A) U. dioica: isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside (1); quercetin-3-o-glucoside (2); kaempferol-3-O-glucoside or astragalin (3); myrecetin (4); naringin (5); rutin (6); ferulic acid (7); ellagic acid (8); (B) Z. officinale: morin (1); gallic acid (2); fisetin (3); vanillic acid (4); epicatechin (5); trans-cinnamic acid (6); kaempferol (7); naringenin (8); rutin (9); ferulic acid (10); quercetin (11); (C) A. graveolens chlorogenic acid (1); vanillic acid (2); caffeic acid (3); syringic acid (4); luteolin (5); p-coumaric acid (6); rutin (7); ferulic acid (8); quercetin (9).

Figure 2. Values are shown as mean ± SD (n = 8). (A) Insulin plasma; (B) Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR); (C) HbA1c over 4 weeks of treatment (250 mg/kg). The animals were fasted 12 h before blood sampling. Metformin (Mtf; 100 mg) was administered as a positive control, and the vehicle was administered as negative control. There is a significant difference compared with the control group * p < 0.01 and compared vs. diabetic control group ** p < 0.05.

Figure 3. Effects of UZA, U, A, and Z treatment on marker in liver (A) ASTL; (B) ALT; (C) ALT; (D) TBARS levels; Data are presented as the means ± SD (n = 6). ** p < 0.001, * p < 0.05.

Figure 4. (A) UAZ enhance pancreatic b-cell viability when RINm5F cells were incubated in RPMI1640 medium containing glucose at 30 mM with or without various concentrations of (UAZ; 10, 25, and 50 µg/mL) for 48 h; (B) UAZ improved high glucose impaired insulin secretion; (C) Effect of UAZ on intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in high glucose-treated RINm5F cells; (D) TBARS generation in high glucose-treated INS-1 pancreaticβ-cells. The use of 5.5 mM glucose was representative of normal glucose conditions and the 30 mM glucose treatments represent high glucose conditions. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001.