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Fig. 7 Comparison of inflammatory, antioxidant activity, oxidative stress, and neurotransmitter biomarkers levels in zebrafish brain tissues measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) among fin-amputated groups treated with five ppm of the painkillers, and the fin-amputated group treated with five ppm of DMSO (red color bar) and unamputated group (blue color bar) as the control groups at one-hour post-amputation. Twelve biomarkers were quantified, which were (A) COX-1, (B) COX-2, (C) IL-6, (D) ACh, (E) AChE, (F) ROS, (G) 5-HT, (H) cortisol, and (I) dopamine. Data are presented as mean with SEM and were analyzed by one-way ANOVA test followed with Tukey's multiple comparisons test (n = 6, except the combination group (n = 5)); ✱ p < 0.05, ✱✱ p < 0.01, ✱✱✱ p < 0.001, the red asterisk (top) indicates a statistical difference to the amputated group + DMSO, the blue asterisk (bottom) indicates a statistical difference to the unamputated group).