Fig. 4

Higher temperature impaired sperm motility in Trpv4^+/+ but not in Trpv4^−/−.

a Heat map images of sperm motility. Red indicates high motility. Light blue indicates low motility. b Tracking of sperm swimming. The green line shows the trajectory of sperm in 3 s. c Pooled data of sperm motility in two groups. Values are the mean ± SEM (n = 8). *p < 0.01 compared with the 29 °C. d Heat map images of sperm motility with the addition of 100 nM 20β-S. Red indicates high motility; light blue indicates low motility. e Tracking of sperm swimming with the addition of 100 nM 20β-S. f Averaged sperm motility in added 20β-S. Values are the mean ± SEM (29 °C n = 7 and 34 °C n = 6). **p < 0.01 and *p < 0.05 compared with the 29 °C. g qRT-PCR analysis of the 20β-Hsd gene in the testes. Values are the mean ± SEM (n = 4). *p < 0.01 compared with the 29 °C testis. h In situ hybridization of 20β^-hsd. Scale bars are 50 μm (a, b, d, and e) and 20 μm (h).