In vivo effect of DSC2 knockdown and mutation. (A) Bright‐field images of noninjected (NI), dsc2l ATG‐ and splice‐MO‐injected fish. (A') The same larvae at higher magnification. Both morphants display cardiac oedema (black arrowheads) and blood accumulation (black arrows). (B) Box plot depicting the average heart rate in beats per minute of non‐injected (NI, N = 28) and dsc2l ATG‐ (N = 30), splice‐morphant (N = 28) larvae and larvae co‐injected with dsc2l splice MO and human DSC2 wild‐type mRNA (N = 24) or mutated mRNA (N = 23). (C) Box plot depicting the average stroke volume in nanolitres per beat of non‐injected (NI, n = 28), dsc2l ATG‐ (N = 30), splice‐morphants (N = 28) and larvae co‐injected with dsc2l splice MO and human DSC2 wild‐type mRNA (N = 24) or mutated mRNA (N = 23). (D) Box plot depicting the average atrial contractile distance in micrometres (μm) of non‐injected (NI, N = 22) and dsc2l ATG‐ (N = 20) and splice‐morphants (N = 20), and larvae co‐injected with dsc2l splice‐MO and human DSC2 wild‐type mRNA (N = 20) or mutated mRNA (N = 20). (E) Box plot depicting the average ventricular contractile distance in micrometres (μm) of non‐injected (NI, N = 22), dsc2l ATG‐ (N = 20), splice‐morphants (N = 20) and larvae co‐injected with dsc2l splice‐MO and human DSC2 wild‐type mRNA (N = 20) or mutated mRNA (N = 20). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001 (Kruskal–Wallis test). “*” indicates a value significantly different from that for the non‐injected, “#” indicates a value significantly different from that for the dsc2l splice‐MO, and “§” indicates a value significantly different from that for the larvae co‐injected with dsc2l splice‐MO and human DSC2 wild‐type mRNA
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