FIGURE SUMMARY
Title

Protective Effects and Mechanisms of Procyanidins on Parkinson's Disease In Vivo and In Vitro

Authors
Chen, J., Chen, Y., Zheng, Y., Zhao, J., Yu, H., Zhu, J., Li, D.
Source
Full text @ Molecules
Figure 1

Figure 1. PCs on MPP+-induced cytotoxicity of PC12 cells. Cell viability was detected by CCK-8 assays. (a) Cytotoxic effects of MPP+ at different concentrations in PC12 cells; (b) PC-attenuated MPP+ induced decreases in cell viability. F and p values of the one-way analysis of variance are presented above the chart. The results of Tukey’s post hoc test are presented for selected comparisons: **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; the error bars are standard deviation (SD).

Figure 2

Figure 2. PCs reduced MPP+-induced oxidative stress and increased antioxidant enzyme activity. (a) ROS levels were measured by fluorescent microscopy and imaging analysis; (b) ROS levels were measured by image J software; (c) MDA levels; (d) GSH-Px activity; (e) CAT activity; (f) SOD activity. F and p values of the one-way analysis of variance are presented above each chart. The results of Tukey’s post hoc test are presented for selected comparisons: ns, p > 0.05; *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; the error bars are SD.

Figure 2

Figure 2. PCs reduced MPP+-induced oxidative stress and increased antioxidant enzyme activity. (a) ROS levels were measured by fluorescent microscopy and imaging analysis; (b) ROS levels were measured by image J software; (c) MDA levels; (d) GSH-Px activity; (e) CAT activity; (f) SOD activity. F and p values of the one-way analysis of variance are presented above each chart. The results of Tukey’s post hoc test are presented for selected comparisons: ns, p > 0.05; *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; the error bars are SD.

Figure 3

Figure 3. Effects of PCs on Nrf2/ARE pathway in MPP+-induced PC12 cells. (a) Protein levels of Nrf2 and Keap-1, as determined by Western blotting; (b) Nrf2/GAPDH protein relative expression (ratio to control); (c) Keap1/GAPDH protein relative expression (ratio to control); (d) protein expression levels of nuclear Nrf2 and cytoplasmic Nrf2, as determined by Western blotting; (e) nuclear Nrf2/LaminB protein relative expression (ratio to control); (f) cytoplasmic Nrf2/GAPDH protein relative expression (ratio to control); (g) protein levels of HO-1, NQO1, GCLC and GCLM, as determined by Western blotting; (h) HO-1/GAPDH protein relative expression (ratio to control); (i) NQO1/GAPDH protein relative expression (ratio to control); (j) GCLC/GAPDH protein relative expression (ratio to control); (k) GCLM/GAPDH protein relative expression (ratio to control). F and p values of the one-way analysis of variance are presented above each chart. The results of Tukey’s post hoc test are presented for selected comparisons: ns, p > 0.05; *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; the error bars are SD.

Figure 3

Figure 3. Effects of PCs on Nrf2/ARE pathway in MPP+-induced PC12 cells. (a) Protein levels of Nrf2 and Keap-1, as determined by Western blotting; (b) Nrf2/GAPDH protein relative expression (ratio to control); (c) Keap1/GAPDH protein relative expression (ratio to control); (d) protein expression levels of nuclear Nrf2 and cytoplasmic Nrf2, as determined by Western blotting; (e) nuclear Nrf2/LaminB protein relative expression (ratio to control); (f) cytoplasmic Nrf2/GAPDH protein relative expression (ratio to control); (g) protein levels of HO-1, NQO1, GCLC and GCLM, as determined by Western blotting; (h) HO-1/GAPDH protein relative expression (ratio to control); (i) NQO1/GAPDH protein relative expression (ratio to control); (j) GCLC/GAPDH protein relative expression (ratio to control); (k) GCLM/GAPDH protein relative expression (ratio to control). F and p values of the one-way analysis of variance are presented above each chart. The results of Tukey’s post hoc test are presented for selected comparisons: ns, p > 0.05; *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; the error bars are SD.

Figure 4

Nrf2/ARE signaling is related to the neuroprotective and antioxidant effects mediated by PCs. (a) Knockout efficiency was detected by determination of Nrf2 protein expression using Western blotting; (b) Nrf2/GAPDH protein relative expression (ratio to control); (c) Cell viability; (d) MDA levels; (e) SOD activity. F and p values of the one-way analysis of variance are presented above each chart. The results of Tukey’s post hoc test are presented for selected comparisons: ns, p > 0.05; *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; the error bars are SD.
Figure 5

Effects of PCs on zebrafish larvae motility upon MPTP treatment. (a) Typical patterns of swimming traces of zebrafish larvae in each group; (b) Average total distance of zebrafish larvae in each group. F and p values of the one-way analysis of variance are presented above the chart. The results of Tukey’s post hoc test are presented for selected comparisons: ***, p < 0.001; the error bars are SD.
Figure 6

Figure 6. Effects of PCs on MPTP-induced dopaminergic neuron injury in zebrafish. (a) Representative pictures of the dopaminergic neurons in the brains of zebrafish; (b) number of TH+ neurons was measured by ImageJ. F and p values of the one-way analysis of variance are presented above the chart. The results of Tukey’s post hoc test are presented for selected comparisons on the chart: ns, p > 0.05; ***, p < 0.001; the error bars are SD.

Figure 6

Figure 6. Effects of PCs on MPTP-induced dopaminergic neuron injury in zebrafish. (a) Representative pictures of the dopaminergic neurons in the brains of zebrafish; (b) number of TH+ neurons was measured by ImageJ. F and p values of the one-way analysis of variance are presented above the chart. The results of Tukey’s post hoc test are presented for selected comparisons on the chart: ns, p > 0.05; ***, p < 0.001; the error bars are SD.

Figure 7

Figure 7. Effects of PCs on oxidative stress of zebrafish larvae treated with MPTP. (a) ROS levels were measured by fluorescent microscopy and imaging analysis; (b) ROS levels were measured via image J software; (c) MDA levels; (d) GSH-Px activity; (e) CAT activity; (f) SOD activity. F and p values of the one-way analysis of variance are presented above each chart. The results of Tukey’s post hoc test are presented for selected comparisons: ns, p > 0.05; *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; the error bars are SD.

Figure 7

Figure 7. Effects of PCs on oxidative stress of zebrafish larvae treated with MPTP. (a) ROS levels were measured by fluorescent microscopy and imaging analysis; (b) ROS levels were measured via image J software; (c) MDA levels; (d) GSH-Px activity; (e) CAT activity; (f) SOD activity. F and p values of the one-way analysis of variance are presented above each chart. The results of Tukey’s post hoc test are presented for selected comparisons: ns, p > 0.05; *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; the error bars are SD.

Figure 8

Effects of PCs on Nrf2/ARE pathway in MPTP-induced zebrafish larvae. (a) Nrf2 levels; (b) HO-1 levels; (c) NQO1 levels; (d) GCLC levels; (e) GCLM levels. F and p values of the one-way analysis of variance are presented above each chart. The results of Tukey’s post hoc test are presented for selected comparisons: ns, p > 0.05; *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; the error bars are SD.
Acknowledgments
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