Epilepsy genes. This figure illustrates the functional classes of the most commonly identified genetic mutations in children with DDEs. These affect a broad range of neuronal functions, ranging from gene expression and intracellular signaling to neurotransmission.

Recording whole-brain dynamics at single-cell resolution in zebrafish models of neurodevelopmental disorders. (A) Larval zebrafish at 7 days post fertilization are freely behaving and have all the major anatomical subdivisions of the vertebrate brain (left). Transgenic lines expressing genetically encoded calcium indicators in neurons can be used to record neuronal function through fluorescence signals. Because of their small size, the whole brain can be captured at single cell resolution (top). This allows recording of whole brain dynamics alongside single-cell behavior (bottom). (B) Zebrafish larvae can be embedded in transparent agarose, allowing in vivo imaging using fluorescence microscopy (shown here is a two-photon microscopy setup). Depending on the experimental paradigm, behavioral output can further be tracked using recordings of tail movements in tail free set ups. This allows e.g., linking of convulsive movements and brain hypersynchrony to identify epileptic seizures in the zebrafish.