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Fig. 4 Keap1b is critical for survival during CuSO₄-induced inflammation. A Dose–response curve for wild-type larvae exposed to different concentrations of CuSO4 (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 µM) for 48 h, used to determine the LC50 value of approximately 15 µM. B Survival curves of WT, nfe2l2a−/−, keap1a−/−, and keap1b−/− larvae exposed to 15 µM CuSO4 for 48 h. Note the extreme hypersensitivity of keap1b−/− and nfe2l2a−/− larvae, with survival rates plummeting to ~ 25%, indicating a specialized, non-redundant role for Keap1b in orchestrating a viable inflammatory response. In stark contrast, keap1a−/− larvae show survival rates comparable to wild-type, demonstrating functional divergence between the paralogs. Data are mean ± SEM (n = 3)