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Fig. 1 Testing arena size affects SLCs. (A) Acoustic startle responses, average SLC frequency comparing testing arena sizes (9 mm: n = 72; 13 mm: n = 64; 18 mm: n = 51; 28 mm: n = 36) (mean ± SEM). (B) SLC sensitivity index, calculated by the area under the SLC frequency curve for individual larvae (mean ± SD). (C) Average LLC frequency comparing testing arena sizes (mean ± SEM). (D) LLC sensitivity index, calculated by the area under the LLC frequency curve. Asterisks represent statistical significance for arena sizes compared to 9 mm arena (mean ± SD, Wilcoxon/Kruskal–Wallis tests with Wilcoxon each pair for nonparametric multiple comparisons, *p < 0.05, ****p < 0.0001). SLC, short-latency c-bend; LLC, long-latency c-bend; ns, not significantly different.