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Figure 2 Graphical representation of the temporal sequence of the beam bunches of different irradiation regimes across the dresden platform accelerator landscape. Colored x-axis labels mark the dose application time for the delivery of ∼30Gy prescribed dose to a ZFE sample in the correspondingly colored irradiation regime. For quantitative details on all irradiation regimes, refer to the main text and Table 1. (a) Protons: Orange bars depict the proton bunches of the UPTD’s cyclotron at a fixed frequency of 106MHz with bunches of ns duration (bar width not to scale). Green bars represent the ns long laser-driven proton bunches at DRACO. The dark green bar illustrates single-bunch ZFE irradiation; the light green bars show accumulated dose delivery, featuring a realistic 20s time interval between bunches (not applied in ZFE study). (b) Electrons: The depicted ELBE electron bunches feature a bunch length of 5ps at a bunch frequency of 13MHz (bar width not to scale, on ns-scale bunches of different irradiation regimes are drawn next to each other for improved visibility). Five macro pulses of 63μs length 40ms apart were applied in the ELBEsynUHDR irradiation regime.