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Fig. 3 (a) Schematic view of the plus-maze system. (b) Top oblique view of the training space with color blocks displayed at the ends of the arms 0 and 2. Orange inset indicates the location of the food-dispensing unit. (c) Top view of the plus-maze with the displayed color blocks. (d) The illustration of rules. Left panel, two examples of the directional rule, where a fish has to turn left regardless of goal colors. Right panel, two examples of the externally cued rule, where a fish has to turn to the blue goal regardless of turning direction. (e) Specific impairment in the directional rule learning by the dHbL-silenced fish.