Figure 1

Laser direct writing on waxy films coated on glass slide substrates: (a) Illustration showing the waxy microcrater patterns carried by laser direct writing. (b) Surface profile of the two typical micro-line craters by laser writing on the waxy film-coated substrate. (c) Representative micrographs showing the capability of fabricating both circle and line patterns on the substrate by laser writing. Scale bars are 50 µm in top panel and 200 µm in bottom panel. (d) Relationship between the fabricated size of circle (black color) or line (red color) pattern and the energy density applied by the CO₂ laser. Data represent the mean ± SD, n = 3 for circle pattern and n = 4 for line pattern.