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Figure 4 Carvedilol treatment beginning at 3 dpf increased rod numbers in the Q344X larvae greater than the treatment beginning at 5 dpf. (a) Quantification of rod number in WT, Q344X treated with DMSO beginning at 3 dpf, and Q344X treated with carvedilol beginning at 3 dpf or 5 dpf. Rods were quantified from their retinal cryosections beginning at 3–7 dpf. There was no statistically significant difference in rod number between groups at 3 dpf and 4 dpf determined by one-way ANOVA (3 dpf; N = 10; F(3,36) = 0.1, p value = 0.95); (4 dpf; N = 10; F(3,36) = 0.5, p value = 0.69). There was a statistically significant difference in rod number between groups at 5 dpf through 7 dpf determined by one-way ANOVA (5 dpf, N = 10; F(3,36) = 0.1, p value < 0.0001), (6 dpf, N = 10; F(3,36) = 0.1, p value < 0.0001), (7 dpf, N = 10; F(3,36) = 0.1, p value < 0.0001). The effect of Q344X rod degeneration and carvedilol treatment on rod number was assessed post hoc by pairwise t-test with false discovery rate correction at 5 dpf (WT − Q344X, p value < 0.0001; Q344X − Q344X + car3dpf, p value < 0.001; Q344X − Q344X + car5dpf, p value = 0.36, Q344X + car3dpf − Q344X + car5dpf, p value < 0.0001), at 6 dpf (WT − Q344X, p value < 0.0001; Q344X − Q344X + car3dpf, p value < 0.0001; Q344X − Q344X + car5dpf, p value < 0.05; Q344X + car3dpf − Q344X + car5dpf, p value < 0.05), and at 7 dpf (WT − Q344X, p value < 0.0001; Q344X − Q344X + car3dpf, p value < 0.0001; Q344X − Q344X + car5dpf, p value < 0.05; Q344X + car3dpf − Q344X + car5dpf, p value < 0.05). (b) Carvedilol treatment of Q344X larvae beginning at 3 dpf (purple trace) displayed a significant scotopic light-off VMR when compared to Q344X larvae treated with DMSO (red trace) (Hotellings T-squared test, N = 3 replicates of 24 larvae, T = 397, df = 30, p value < 0.0001). Each trace shows the average displacement of each replicate, and the color ribbons indicate µ ± s.e.m.