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Fig. 4 Models of cardiac damage in adult and neonatal vertebrates. a Current methods to induce cardiac damage in adult zebrafish include resection, involving the surgical removal of around 20% of the apex of the ventricle, and cryoinjury where a liquid nitrogen-cooled probe is pressed onto the surface of the ventricle, resulting in cell death and transient scarring. These injury models elicit similar modes of healing involving contributions from de-differentiated epicardial and myocardial cells (inset). b In adult rodents, cardiac injury is usually induced by ligation of the left descending coronary artery. Temporary ligation allows investigation of the effects of reperfusion injury. c Recent reports have described similar injury models to adult zebrafish in neonatal mice eliciting similar cellular responses