Loss of bmp16 function disrupts arterial valve morphogenesis. (A) Representative confocal images of Tg(tp1:EGFP;kdrl:mCherry-CAAX) arterial valves in wild-type and bmp16 knockout embryos at 72 hpf, 96 hpf and 120 hpf during the valve closed and open phases. White dash lines outline the arterial valves. Scale bar: 20 µm. (B) Schematic diagram of an arterial valve illustrating the measurements of interleaflet distance (red), basal leaflet width (fuchsia), and leaflet length (orange). (C) Quantification of interleaflet distance in wild-type and bmp16 knockout embryos at the indicated stages. The statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA; n = 7–11 per group. (D) Quantification of the basal leaflet widths of the left and right leaflets in bmp16+/+ and bmp16−/− embryos. The statistical analysis was performed using the unpaired Student’s t-tests. (E) Quantification of the lengths of the left and right leaflets in wild-type and bmp16 knockout embryos. The statistical analysis was performed using unpaired Student’s t-tests. (F) Quantification of inter-leaflet distance in vehicle- and LDN-193189-treated embryos at 72, 96, and 120 hpf. The statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA. (G) Quantification of the basal leaflet widths of the left and right leaflets in vehicle- and LDN-193189-treated embryos. The statistical analysis was performed using unpaired Student’s t-tests. (H) Quantification of the lengths of the left and right leaflets in vehicle- and LDN-193189-treated embryos. The statistical analysis was performed using unpaired Student’s t-tests. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; ****, p < 0.0001.
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