Fig. 1

Endogenous ACR was accumulated in akr7a3^−/− mutant zebrafish. (A–D) ELISA determination indicated that ACR was significantly increased in 96 hpf old akr7a3^−/− larvae (A) and in adult akr7a3^−/− liver (B), akr7a3^−/− eye (C), and akr7a3^−/− kidney (D). Each data point indicates 47–50 larvae per clutch or one adult zebrafish organ, n = 5–8. (E–H) Representative RCS quantification by mass spectrometry or ELISA. The concentration of glyoxal (E), methylglyoxal (F), 3DG (G), and 4-HNE (H) remained unaltered in akr7a3^−/− larvae. Each data point indicates 47–50 larvae per clutch, n = 6. (I–K) Quantification of GSH and GSSG revealed a significant decrease in GSH in 5 dpf old akr7a3^−/− larvae (I), while GSSG (J) levels and the GSH/GSSG ratio (K) remained unchanged. Data represent 50 larvae per clutch, n = 5. The bars indicate mean ± SD values. Statistical analysis was performed by Student's t-test. ACR, acrolein; 3DG, 3-Deoxyglucosone; 4-Hydroxynonenal, 4-HNE; GSH, glutathione; GSSG, glutathione disulfide.