Figure 1

Black raspberry water extract (BRWE) suppresses adipocyte development in human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and zebrafish. (A,B) Accumulation of intracellular lipid (lipid droplets) was measured with Oil-Red O assay in hMSCs differentiated with the presence or absence of BRWE (5 and 10 μg·mL⁻¹) for 15 days. (C) mRNA levels of Pparg and Cebpa were measured using a Real-time RT-PCR assay. (D,E) Cell lysates were subjected to SDS-PAGE, and immunoblot analysis was performed using each antibody to PPARγ and C/EBPα. β-actin was used as a loading control. (F) Bright field images in the top row show both DMSO- or BRWE-treated zebrafish larvae at 17 dpf. Fluorescent adipocytes stained with Nile red are shown in the bottom row. Larvae are shown in lateral views with rostral to the right, dorsal to the top. Adipocytes are marked by white arrows. (G) Florescent intensities in Figure 1F were quantified using the ImageJ software and presented as a graph in arbitrary units. All data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. (Figure 1B,C) ^#p < 0.05, significantly different from DM (Wh)-untreated pre-adipocytes; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001, significantly different from DM (Wh)-stimulated adipocytes. (G) Unpaired t-test was used to analyze different versus the phosphate buffered-saline (PBS) group, and statistical significance was set as * p < 0.05. BRWE, black raspberry water extract.