Fig. 3.

The role of telomerase, telomeres and senescent cells in zebrafish heart regeneration. Cryoinjury in zebrafish mimics aspects of human myocardial infarction. (A) In wild-type fish, cardiomyocyte proliferation is sharply increased in response to tissue damage, accompanied by an increase in tert gene expression, hyperactivation of telomerase and a transient elongation of telomeres (3 dpi). Additionally, there is an accumulation of senescence cells, limited to the injured region (3 dpi) that is cleared upon wound closure (60 dpi) (Bednarek et al., 2015). Senescent cells release growth factors and cytokines, which might activate the motility and proliferation of surrounding cells, potentiating tissue remodelling. (B) Aged cardiac tissues, modelled by the absence of telomerase (tert^−/−), are not amenable to tissue remodelling, reflecting a combination of factors, such as proliferative defects, accumulation of DNA-damaged cells and increased senescence (3 dpi and 60 dpi). The difficulty in handling and clearing damaged and senescent cells might overload the tissue with the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which potentially contributes to a persistent chronic inflammatory microenvironment that further aggravates tissue dysfunction and impairs proper wound closure (Bednarek et al., 2015).