FIGURE SUMMARY
Title

Development of Biomaterials Based on Biomimetic Trace Elements Co-Doped Hydroxyapatite: Physical, In Vitro Osteoblast-like Cell Growth and In Vivo Cytotoxicity in Zebrafish Studies

Authors
Tithito, T., Sillapaprayoon, S., Pimtong, W., Thongbunchoo, J., Charoenphandhu, N., Krishnamra, N., Lert-Itthiporn, A., Maneeprakorn, W., Pon-On, W.
Source
Full text @ Nanomaterials (Basel)
Figure 1

Scheme for multi-trace elements co-doped hydroxyapatite (THA) powders obtained by precipitation reactions.
Figure 2

XRD patterns of sHA (a) and THA (b) powders.
Figure 3

Magnetization dependence on magnetic field strength.
Figure 4

Nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms of sHA and THA.
Figure 5

SEM (TEM inset) images (a) and EDS analysis (b) of sHA particles; (c,d) represent SEM (TEM inset) and EDS analysis of THA particles, respectively.
Figure 6

SEM image of THA surface before (a) and after (b) immersing the scaffolds in SBF for 7 days; (c) reveals the magnified view of the precipitation showing the accumulative structure of the mineral apatite particles and EDS analysis (d).
Figure 7

Electrical conductivity of the ions released from sHA and THA particles.
Figure 8

SEM images of osteoblast cells on glass, sHA, and THA surfaces after 3, 5, and 7 days of culture.
Figure 9

MTT assay and the relative alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities of sHA and THA compared with the glass substrate (positive control; paired with each material) on days 3, 5, and 7. The control values were normalized to 100%. * p < 0.05 compared with the corresponding control group (mean ± SE). NS: no significance between the two groups.
Figure 10

Survival rates for zebrafish embryos exposed to different concentrations (μg/mL) of sHA (a) and THA (b) at 72 h post-fertilization (hpf). Cumulative hatching rate of zebrafish embryos exposed to different concentrations of sHA (c) and THA (d) at 24, 48, and 72 hpf. The results are presented as mean ± SE (n = 3). a: p < 0.01 versus control.
Figure 11

Digital photographs of zebrafish embryos at different stages of growth in solutions exposed to different concentrations (μg/mL) of sHA powders at 24, 48, and 72 hpf.
Figure 12

Digital photographs of zebrafish embryos at different stages of growth in solutions exposed to different concentrations (μg/mL) of THA powder at 24, 48, and 72 hpf.
Figure 13

Effect of sHA and THA powders at varying concentrations on the heart rates of zebrafish embryos at 24 hpf (a) and 48 hpf (b). The results are presented as mean ± SE (n = 3), * p < 0.05 *** p < 0.001 versus control.
Acknowledgments
This image is the copyrighted work of the attributed author or publisher, and ZFIN has permission only to display this image to its users. Additional permissions should be obtained from the applicable author or publisher of the image. Full text @ Nanomaterials (Basel)
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