Psoriasis patients have more comorbidities than control individuals. Number of comorbidities (a) and percentage of each comorbidity (b) in psoriasis and control group. p-Values were calculated using a Chi-squared test. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; n.s., non-significant.

Men have more comorbidities associated to psoriasis than women. Percentage of each comorbidity in psoriasis and control groups in men (a) and women (b). p Values were calculated using a Chi-squared test. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; n.s., non-significant.

Number of comorbidities in psoriasis and control groups according to their chronological age. Number of comorbidities presented in psoriasis and control groups in the different age groups: 18–39 (a), 40–59 (b) and >60 (c) years old.

Number of comorbidities in psoriasis and control groups according to their chronological age. Incidence of the different comorbidities of psoriasis and control group subjects of 18–39 (a), 40–59 (b) and >60 (c) years old. p-Values were calculated using a Chi-squared test. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; n.s., non-significant.

NB-UVB is the best phototherapy for psoriasis treatment. (a) Percentage of patients who achieved complete resolution of the lesions (PASI100); (b) percentage of patients who achieved PASI50; (c) percentage of patients who achieved each PASI depending on gender; (d) percentage of patients who achieved each PASI in response to UVA compared with the rest of phototherapies; and (e) percentage of patients who achieved each PASI in response to NB-UVB compared with the rest of phototherapies. p-Values were calculated using a Chi-squared test. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; n.s., non-significant.

Impact of glucose in zebrafish models of diabetic comorbidity in psoriasis. (a) Scheme showing the distribution of neutrophils in wild type and Spint1a-deficient zebrafish larvae. (b–d) Representative bright field and merge (bright field and red fluorescence) images and quantitation of skin neutrophil infiltration and the number of keratinocyte aggregates (arrows) in 3 dpf larvae treated with 10 µM WZB117 for 48 h in the presence or absence of 25 mM glucose or galactose (c), or 1 mM NAD⁺ (d). Each dot represents one individual, and the mean ± SEM for each group is also shown. p-Values were calculated using 1-way ANOVA and Tukey multiple range test. ns, not significant, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001, **** p ≤ 0.0001.

Impact of Dpp4 in zebrafish models of diabetic comorbidity in psoriasis. (a–c) Representative bright field and merge (bright field and red fluorescence) images and quantitation of skin neutrophil infiltration and the number of keratinocyte aggregates (arrows) in 3 dpf larvae after dpp4 genetic inhibition using CRISPR/Cas-9 technology in the presence of 25 mM glucose (b). (c) Analysis of genome editing efficiency in larvae injected with control or dpp4 crRNA/Cas-9 complexes and quantification rate of NHEJ-mediated repair showing all INDELs (https://tide.nki.nl/). Each dot represents one individual, and the mean ± SEM for each group is also shown. p-Values were calculated using 1-way ANOVA and Tukey multiple range test. ns, not significant, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001, **** p ≤ 0.0001.

Impact of glucose metabolism in organotypic 3D skin model of human psoriasis. (a) Experimental design. (b,c) The transcript levels of genes encoding pro-inflammatory (S100A8, DEFB4 and NAMPT) and proliferation (PCNA) biomarkers were determined by RT-qPCR after inhibition of GLUT1 with WBZ117 (b) or DPP4 with linagliptin (c). Treatment with ATRA was used as a positive control. p-Values were calculated using 1-way ANOVA and Tukey multiple range test. * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001, **** p ≤ 0.0001.