FIGURE SUMMARY
Title

β-Glucans as Dietary Supplement to Improve Locomotion and Mitochondrial Respiration in a Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Authors
Brogi, L., Marchese, M., Cellerino, A., Licitra, R., Naef, V., Mero, S., Bibbiani, C., Fronte, B.
Source
Full text @ Nutrients
Figure 1

Birefringence of non-dystrophic (a) and dystrophic (b) larva.

Figure 2

Locomotor performances of untreated (0 mg L−1) dystrophic and non-dystrophic larvae: (a) Distance travelled; (b) Velocity; (c) MCT. Data are given as mean and standard error. (* p ≤ 0.05).

Figure 3

Locomotor performances of dechorionated and non-dechorionated larvae (dystrophic and non-dystrophic): (a) Distance travelled; (b) Velocity; (c) MCT. Data are given as mean and standard error. (*** p ≤ 0.001).

Figure 4

Locomotor performances of larvae (dystrophic and non-dystrophic) treated with non-sonicated or sonicated 1,3-1,6 β-glucans at 2, 4, and 8 mg L−1: (a) Distance travelled; (b) Velocity; (c) MCT. Data are given as mean and standard error. (*** p ≤ 0.001).

Figure 5

Locomotor performances of the 4 treatments obtained by combining non-dechorionated and dechorionated embryos with sonicated and non-sonicated 1,3-1,6 β-glucans (NDNS, DNS, NDS and DS); all larvae, untreated (0 mg L−1) and treated at 2, 4 and 8 mg L−1 of 1,3-1,6 β-glucans, were used. (a) Distance travelled; (b) Velocity; (c) MCT. Data are given as mean and standard error. (*** p ≤ 0.001).
Figure 6

Locomotor performances of dystrophic and non-dystrophic larvae exposed to 1,3-1,6 β-glucans treated (2, 4 and 8 mg L−1) according to the DNS and NDS procedure: (a) Distance travelled; (b) Velocity; (c) MCT. Data are given as mean and standard error. (* p ≤ 0.05, *** p ≤ 0.001).

Figure 7

Relative incidence of phenotypes (dystrophic and non-dystrophic) as a function of the concentration of 1,3-1,6 β-glucans in DNS and NDS treatments. (* p ≤ 0.05).

Figure 8

Locomotor performances of DNS and NDS dystrophic and non-dystrophic larvae, untreated (0 mg L−1) and treated (2, 4 and 8 mg L−1) with 1,3-1,6 β-glucans: (a) Distance travelled; (b) Velocity; (c) MCT. Data are given as mean and standard error (n values of each mean are given between brackets). (* p ≤ 0.05).

Figure 9

qRT-PCR analysis of DNS and NDS dystrophic and non-dystrophic larvae, untreated (0 mg L−1) and treated (2, 4 and 8 mg L−1) with 1,3-1,6 β-glucans. Three independent RNA samples from each group were evaluated: Non-dystrophic Untreated (NDU), Dystrophic Untreated (DU), Dystrophic Treated (DT). (** p ≤ 0,001, **** p ≤ 0.00001).

Figure 10

Mitochondrial respiratory analysis of Dystrophic Untreated (DU), Dystrophic Treated (DT), Non-dystrophic Untreated (NDU), Non-dystrophic Treated (NDT): (a) Basal respiration; (b) Non-mitochondrial oxygen consumption; (c) Maximum oxygen consumption; (d) Proton Leak; (e) ATP Production; (f) Spare respiratory capacity; (g) Coupling efficiency. Data are given as mean and standard error (* p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001).

Acknowledgments
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