FIGURE SUMMARY
Title

Edible additive effects on zebrafish cardiovascular functionality with hydrodynamic assessment

Authors
Wang, Y.F., Chen, I.W., Subendran, S., Kang, C.W., Panigrahi, B., Fu, T.F., Chen, C.Y.
Source
Full text @ Sci. Rep.
Figure 1

Design, fabrication, and the experimental test set-up of the microfluidic device to assist the hydrodynamic assessment of cardiovascular and the behavioral functionalities in zebrafish. (a) The description of the geometric design of the microfluidic device for observing cardiac functionality and pectoral fin swing behaviors of zebrafish. (b) Schematic illustration of the series of techniques involved in the microfluidics fabrication process. (c) An experimental observation framework for heart and behavior imaging of zebrafish in the microfluidic device without anesthetic treatment. Dimensions are in mm.
Figure 2

Assessment of the cardiac rhythm of zebrafish larvae treated with food additives. (a) The heartbeat rates of zebrafish larvae (3, 6, and 9 d.p.f.) determined before the exposure to the food additive is the control group (*p < 0.05). (b–d) Heartbeats were recorded from a zebrafish larvae (3, 6, and 9 d.p.f., respectively) treated with varying concentrations of food additives and their comparison with the control group. Cochineal Red additives with 0.2‰ concentration caused an increase in the heartbeat during the early developmental stages of zebrafish larvae. Heart beats per minute are expressed as means ± SD (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001).
Figure 3

The effects of food additive concentration on the behavioral changes of zebrafish. (a) Effects of cochineal red pigmentation on swimming activity and (b) effects of cochineal red pigmentation on the acceleration of the zebrafish. Values that are significantly different from the control are indicated by asterisks (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001).
Figure 4

Hydrodynamic quantificational measures of zebrafish pectoral fin movements (a) pictorial representation of zebrafish pectoral fin movements (b) experimental image of zebrafish pectoral fin movements (c) for the control group and (d) the Cochineal Red pigment 0.2‰ group. The vorticity contour is super-imposed with the velocity vector field (black arrows) generated during pectoral fin beatings (a) upstroke and (b) down-stroke of zebrafish larvae (6 d.p.f.).
Figure 5

The absolute magnitude and instantaneous circulation formation due to the pectoral fin beating of zebrafish larvae (*p < 0.05) hydrodynamically with effective test samples in each experimental group (N = 15).
Acknowledgments
This image is the copyrighted work of the attributed author or publisher, and ZFIN has permission only to display this image to its users. Additional permissions should be obtained from the applicable author or publisher of the image. Full text @ Sci. Rep.
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