Potential application of graphene-based nanomaterials in industrial and biomedical fields. The graphene-based nanomaterials are widely applied for producing sensor, electronic, drug targeting, 3D bioprinting, construction, antimicrobial agents, supercapacitor, and light processing.

Current understanding of the potential toxicity induced by graphene-based nanomaterials graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene, and few-layer graphene are listed in the top panel (green color) in fish cells, invertebrates, embryo, and adult aquatic organisms. The common-used in vitro and in vivo aquatic animal models are listed in the middle panel (yellow color). The potential cytotoxicity induced by graphene-based nanomaterials is summarized in the bottom panel (pink color).

Comparison of paper publication number related to aquatic toxicity induced by three carbon-based nanomaterials during the past 16 years (from 2004 to 2020). Papers relevant to graphene-based nanomaterials are highlighted with blue color. Papers relevant to fullerene-based nanomaterials are highlighted with red color. Papers relevant to carbon nanotube are highlighted with green color.