PUBLICATION
Clomiphene Citrate and Enclomiphene Hydrochloride Exposure Is Associated With Interfrontal Suture Fusion in Zebrafish
- Authors
- Franz-Odendaal, T.A., Bezuhly, M.
- ID
- ZDB-PUB-231102-10
- Date
- 2023
- Source
- Plastic surgery (Oakville, Ont.) 31: 383389383-389 (Journal)
- Registered Authors
- Franz-Odendaal, Tamara
- Keywords
- clomiphene, craniosynostoses, enclomiphene, fertility agents, nonsyndromic, trigonocephaly, zebrafish
- MeSH Terms
- none
- PubMed
- 37915340 Full text @ Plast Surg (Oakv)
Citation
Franz-Odendaal, T.A., Bezuhly, M. (2023) Clomiphene Citrate and Enclomiphene Hydrochloride Exposure Is Associated With Interfrontal Suture Fusion in Zebrafish. Plastic surgery (Oakville, Ont.). 31:383389383-389.
Abstract
Background: The last several decades have witnessed an increase in metopic craniosynostosis incidence. Population-based studies suggest that pharmacological exposure in utero may be responsible. This study examined effects of the fertility drug clomiphene citrate (CC) on calvarial development in an established model for craniofacial development, the zebrafish Danio rerio. Results: Zebrafish larvae were exposed to clomiphene citrate or its isomer enclomiphene for five days at key points during calvarial development. Larvae were then raised to adulthood in normal rearing water. Zebrafish were analyzed using whole-mount skeletal staining. We observed differential effects on survivability, growth and suture formation depending on the treatment. Treatments with CC or enclomiphene at 5.5 mm SL led to increased fusion of the interfrontal suture (p < .01) compared to controls. Conclusions: Exposure to fertility drugs appears to affect development of the cranial vault, specifically the interfrontal suture, in zebrafish. Further research is required to identify the signaling mechanisms at play. This work suggests that fertility drug treatment may contribute to the increased incidence of metopic craniosynostosis observed globally.
Genes / Markers
Expression
Phenotype
Mutations / Transgenics
Human Disease / Model
Sequence Targeting Reagents
Fish
Orthology
Engineered Foreign Genes
Mapping