PUBLICATION
Effects of chlorobromoisocyanuric acid on embryonic development and immunotoxicity of zebrafish
- Authors
- Liu, Y., Guo, J., Yang, F., Deng, Y., Peng, Y., Meng, Y., Liu, W., Cheng, B., Fu, J., Zhang, J., Liao, X., Lu, H.
- ID
- ZDB-PUB-211130-9
- Date
- 2021
- Source
- Environmental toxicology 37(3): 468-477 (Journal)
- Registered Authors
- Lu, Huiqiang
- Keywords
- chlorobromoisocyanuric acid, developmental toxicity, immunotoxicity, oxidative stress, zebrafish
- MeSH Terms
-
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Embryo, Nonmammalian
- Embryonic Development
- Oxidative Stress
- Reactive Oxygen Species
- Water Pollutants, Chemical*/toxicity
- Zebrafish*
- PubMed
- 34842326 Full text @ Env. Tox.
Citation
Liu, Y., Guo, J., Yang, F., Deng, Y., Peng, Y., Meng, Y., Liu, W., Cheng, B., Fu, J., Zhang, J., Liao, X., Lu, H. (2021) Effects of chlorobromoisocyanuric acid on embryonic development and immunotoxicity of zebrafish. Environmental toxicology. 37(3):468-477.
Abstract
Although chlorobromoisocyanuric acid has been widely used in agriculture, its deleterious toxicity on aquatic organisms remains rare. In this study, zebrafish were exposed to chlorobromoisocyanuric acid (0, 30, 40, and 50 mg/L) from 10 to 96 h post-fertilization (hpf). We found a significant reduction in immune cell numbers (neutrophils and macrophages) and the area of thymus at 96 hpf. The expression of immune-related genes and pro-inflammatory cytokines genes were upregulated. Besides, chlorobromoisocyanuric acid triggered neutrophils cell apoptosis. The mRNA and protein levels of pro-apoptotic p53 pathway and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio further indicated the underlying mechanism. Furthermore, the oxidative stress was observed that the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde significantly increased. Subsequently, the antioxidant agent astaxanthin significantly attenuated the level of oxidative stress and the dysregulation of inflammatory response. In summary, our results showed that chlorobromoisocyanuric acid induced developmental defects and immunotoxicity of zebrafish, partly owing to oxidative stress and cell apoptosis.
Genes / Markers
Expression
Phenotype
Mutations / Transgenics
Human Disease / Model
Sequence Targeting Reagents
Fish
Orthology
Engineered Foreign Genes
Mapping