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Fig. 6 Cardiac toxicity of PM-containing heavy metal mixtures (HMMs). (A–C) Representative images of the cardiac morphology after HMM exposure. Red dotted line indicates the pericardial sac, and red arrow indicates venous congestion. Scale bar, 500 μM. (D) Relative heart area (%) of embryos after HMM exposure. (E) Representative images of cardiac rhythm (for 30 s) in the ventricle and atrium. Red arrowheads indicate the irregular rhythm. Scale bar, 3 s. Average heart rate (bpm) (F), average number of frames between peaks (G), and average number of irregular heart rhythms (H). Two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test (n = 15 per group; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001; n.s., not significant.) (I) qRT-PCR of genes involved in cardiac development. (J) qRT-PCR of genes involved in cardiac ion channels. Two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test (n = 3, each replicate had 20 zebrafish embryos; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001; n.s., not significant).