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Figure 8. (A) Action of anion channelrhodopsins (top) and Cl–/H+ pumps (bottom). For anion channelrhodopsins, photocurrent magnitude and direction depend on chloride reversal potential (ECl) and holding potential (Vhold), while Cl–/H+ pumps always induce outward currents. (B) Example photocurrents in response to a 1 s light exposure (20 mW/mm2). (C,D) Photocurrent peak (C) and steady-state (D) amplitude (mean ± SEM, across cells). GtACRs induced larger photocurrents than Cl–/H+ pumps. (E–G) Photocurrent activation (E), inactivation (F) and deactivation (G) time constants (mean ± SEM). Photocurrents induced by Cl–/H+ pumps showed minimal inactivation and faster deactivation kinetics than GtACRs. eNpHR3.0 photocurrents did not inactivate hence no inactivation time constant was computed. See also Figure 8—figure supplement 1.